Characteristics of the Studies Showing Mode of Diagnosis and Prevalence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Systemic Sclerosis
| No | Author | Study year | Region | Type of study | Patients with SSc (n) | Patients with SSc sub-type (n) | Criteria for SSc | Controls (n) | Type of control | Mode of diagnosis of SIBO | SIBO in SSc (n [%]) | SIBO in SSc sub-types (n) | SIBO in controls (n) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dcSSc | lcSSc | dcSSc | lcSSc | ||||||||||||
| 1 | Adarsh et al48 | 2017 | India | Prevalence | 37 | 16 | 34 | ACR | NA | NA | GBT | 7 (18.9) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | Bae et al47 | 2013 | USA/France | Prevalence | 55 | 24 | 27 | ACR | NA | NA | LBT | 21 (38.2) | NA | NA | NA |
| 3 | Brown et al46a | 2008 | UK | Prevalence | 8 | 3 | 5 | Not stated | NA | NA | GBT | 8 (100.0) | 3 | 5 | NA |
| 4 | Chaudhary et al45 |
2010 | India | Prevalence | 35 | 9 | 26 | Not stated | NA | NA | BT | 12 (34.3) | NA | NA | NA |
| 5 | Cobden et al29 | 1980 | UK | Case control | 20 | NA | NA | Not stated | 18 | Not healthy | JAC | 4 (20.0) | NA | NA | 0 |
| 6 | Cruz-Dominguez et al44 |
2017 | Mexica | Prevalence | 68 | 27 | 41 | ACR | NA | NA | GBT | 44 (64.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| 7 | Di Ciaula et al28 |
2008 | Italy | Case control | 38 | 4 | 34 | ACR | 60 | NA | LBT | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 8 | Fynne et al43 |
2011 | Denmark | Prevalence |
15 | NA | NA | ACR | 17 | Healthy | GBT | 3 (20.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| 9 | Garcia-Collinot et al42 |
2019 | Mexico | Prevalence | 74 | 32 | 43 | ACR/EULAR | NA | NA | LBT | 40 (54.1) | 18 | 22 | NA |
| 10 | Gemignani et al22 | 2013 | Italy | Case control | 50 | 18 | 32 | Not stated | 60 | Healthy | GBT | 9 (18.0) | NA | NA | 3 |
| 11 | Gough et al49 |
1995 | UK | Prevalence | 10 | 8 | 2 | ARA | NA | NA | LBT | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | NA |
| 12 | Kaye et al23 1994 | 1994 | UK | Case control | 10 | NA | NA | ARA | 10 | Healthy | JAC | 4 (40.0) | NA | NA | 0 |
| 13 | Kaye et al24 1995 | 1995 | UK | Case control | 24 | 6 | 17 | ACR | 9 | Healthy | JAC | 8 (33.3) | 2 | 6 | 0 |
| 14 | Levin et al41 | 2021 | Canada | Prevalence |
29 | 7 | 20 | Not stated | 20 | Healthy | GBT | 13 (44.8) | 2 | 10 | NA |
| 15 | Madrid et al40 2012a,b | 2012 | Chile | Prevalence | 30 | 9 | 21 | ARA | NA | NA | LBT | 16 (53.3) | 8 | 8 | NA |
| 16 | Madrid et al39 2020a,b | 2020 | Chile | Prevalence | 53 | NA | NA | Not stated | 37 | NA | LBT | 32 (60.3) | NA | NA | NA |
| 17 | Marie et al37 2009 | 2009 | France | Prevalence | 51 | 25 | 26 | ACR | NA | NA | GBT | 22 (43.1) | 8 | 14 | NA |
| 18 | Marie et al38 2015 | 2015 | France | Prevalence | 125 | 43 | 82 | ACR/EULAR | NA | NA | GBT | 44 (35.2) | NA | NA | NA |
| 19 | Owyang32 |
1994 | USA | Case control | 5 | NA | NA | ARA | 6 | Healthy | GBT | 5 (100.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| 20 | Parodi et al31 | 2008 | Italy | Case control | 55 | 18 | 37 | ARA | 60 | Healthy | LBT | 30 (54.6) | NA | NA | 4 |
| 21 | Polkowska-Pruszy´nska et al25 | 2020 | Poland | Case control | 39 | 6 | 33 | ACR/EULAR | 39 | Healthy | LBT | 19 (48.7) | NA | NA | 5 |
| 22 | Savarino et al26 | 2013 | Italy | Case control | 99 | 31 | 68 | ARA | 60 | Healthy | LBT | 47 (47.5) | NA | NA | 3 |
| 23 | Sawadpanich et al36 | 2019 | Thailand | Prevalence | 89 | 65 | 24 | ACR | NA | NA | GBT | 12 (13.5) | 9 | 3 | NA |
| 24 | Shindo et al27 | 1998 | Japan | Case control | 12 | 12 | 0 | ARA | 19 | Healthy | JAC | 7 (58.3) | 7 | 0 | 3 |
| 25 | Soudah et al35 |
1991 | USA | Prevalence |
5 | 5 | 0 | ARA | 6 | Healthy | GBT | 5 (100.0) | 5 | 0 | NA |
| 26 | Tauber et al34 | 2014 | France | Prevalence | 37 | 14 | 23 | Not stated | NA | NA | GBT | 14 (37.8) | NA | NA | NA |
| 27 | Wegener et al33 |
1994 | Germany | Prevalence | 14 | 6 | 7 | ARA | NA | NA | GBT | 3 (21.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| 28 | Zou et al30 | 2019 | Canada | Case control | 25 | NA | NA | ACR/EULAR | 20 | Healthy | BT | 13 (52.0) | NA | NA | NA |
aIndicates studies which only measured hydrogen (and not methane) during breath testing.
bIndicates studies published as conference abstract.
cSIBO was measured only in cases (systemic sclerosis [SSc]-patients) and not in controls, hence classified as prevalence studies.
dcSSc, diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis; lcSSc; limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis; SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; ACR, American College of Rheumatology, ACR/EULAR, American College of Rheumatology & European League Against Rheumatism; ARA, American Rheumatism Association; NA, not available; GBT, glucose breath test; LBT, lactulose breath test; BT, breath test; JAC, jejunal aspirate and culture.