Fig. 3. Prospective factors involved in the initiation of inflammatory phase in post-operative ileus (POI). These events or pathways converge to abet vicious cycle of inflammation. DAMPs, damage associated molecular patterns; pCRF, peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor; TJPs, tight junction proteins; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; HSPs, heat shocks proteins; TLR4, Toll-like receptors 4; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; SAP, stress-activated protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecules-1; NO, nitric oxide; PGs, prostaglandins; GI, gastrointestinal.
© J Neurogastroenterol Motil
