Fig. 1. Putative mechanisms for symptom generation by wheat components. CD, celiac disease; FODMAPs, fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides and polyols; ATIs, α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; GI, gastrointestinal; TLR-4, toll-like-receptor-4; NCWS, non-celiac wheat sensitivity; NCGS, non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
© J Neurogastroenterol Motil
